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Bibliography and Suggested Readings

Axtell, James, ed. The Indian Peoples of Eastern America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1981.

Axtell, James. The European and The Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America. New York : Oxford University Press, 1981.

Baugh, Timothy G. & Jonathon E. Ericson, eds. Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North Amercia. New York: Plenum Press, 1994.

Beardy, Flora & Robert Coutts. Voices From Hudson Bay: Cree Stories From York Factory. Montreal: McGill University Press, 1996.

Black, Meredith Jean. Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in Southwestern Quebec. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, 1973.

Brizinski, Peggy. Knots In A String: An Introduction to Native Studies in Canada. Saskatoon : University Extension Press, 1993.

Brown, Jennifer. Strangers in the Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, 1980.

Clark, Ella Elizabeth. Indian Legends of Canada. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1960.

Conrad, Margaret & Alvin Finkel & Cornelius Jaenen. History of the Canadian Peoples: Beginnings to 1867. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993.

Crowe, Keith. A History of the Original Peoples of Northern Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1974.

Daugherty, W.E. Treaty Research Report: Treaty One and Treaty Two. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1983.

—————. Treaty Research Report: Treaty Three. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1986.

Dempsey, Hugh A. Treaty Research Report: Treaty Seven. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1987.

Dickason, Olive. Canada's First Nations: A History of the Founding Peoples from the Earliest Times. 2nd edition. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997.

—————. The Myth of the Savage: And the Beginnings of French Colonialism in the Americas. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1997.

Dickason, Olive, ed. The Native Imprint: The Contribution of First Peoples to Canada's Character. Vol 1. Athabasca: Athabasca University Educational Enterprises, 1995.

Ellis, Christopher J. & Jonathan C. Lothrop, eds. Eastern Paleo-Indian Lithic Use: Investigations in American Archaeology. Westview Press, 1989.

Epp, Henry T & Ian Dyck, eds. Tracking Ancient Hunters: Prehistoric Archaeology in Saskatchewan. Regina: Saskatchewan Archaeological Society, 1983.

Fagan, Brian M. People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory. University of California: Harper Collins, 1992.

Flannery, Regina. Ellen Smallboy: Glimpses of a Cree Women's Life. Montreal: McGill University Press, 1995.

Francis, R. Douglas & Richard Jones & Donald B. Smith. Destinies: Canadian History Since Confederation. 3rd edition. Toronto: Harcourt Brace Canada, 1996.

—————. Origins: Canadian History to Confederation. 3rd edition. Toronto: Harcourt Brace Canada, 1996.

Francis, Douglas. The Prairie West: Historical Readings. 2nd Edition. Edmonton: Pica Pica Press, 1992.

Friesen, Gerald. The Canadian Prairies: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993.

Friesen, John. Rediscovering the First Nations of Canada. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises Ltd., 1997.

Gaffield, Chad. The Invention of Canada: Readings in Pre-Confederation History. Toronto: Copp Clark Longman Ltd. 1994.

Hall, D.J. " 'A Serene Atmosphere?' Treaty 1 Revisited." Canadian Journal of Native Studies 4, no. 2 (1984): 321-358.

Harris, R. Cole, ed. Historical Atlas of Canada: Volume I From the Beginning to 1800. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987. passim

Hickey, Clifford G. The Archaeology of Arctic Canada.

Hildebrandt, Walter, First Rider, Dorothy & Carter, Sarah. The True Spirit and Original Intent of Treaty 7. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996.

Ives, John W. A Theory of Northern Athapaskan Prehistory. Boulder CO.: Westview Press, 1990.

Kehoe, Alice. Hunters of the Buried Years: The Prehistory of the Prairie Provinces. 1962.

Mason, Ronald J. Great Lakes Archaeology. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1981.

Matson, R.G. & Gary Coupland. The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1985.

McGhee, Robert. Ancient Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1949.

—————. Ancient People of the Arctic. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1996.

Morris, Alexander. The Treaties of Canada with the Indians Including the Negotiations on Which They Were Based and Other Information Relating Thereto. Toronto: Belfords, Clarke & Co., 1880.

Morrison, R. Bruce & C. Roderick Wilson, eds. Native Peoples: The Canadian Experience. Toronto: McClelland & Steward, 1986.

Muckle, Robert. The First Nations of British Columbia. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1998.

Nichols, George P. Human Behaviour And Holocene Ecology in Northeastern North America. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1988.

Payne, Michael. The Most Respectable Place in the Territory: Everyday Life in Hudson's Bay Company Service, York Factory 1788 to 1870. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Service Canada, 1989.

Peers, Laura. The Ojibwa of Western Canada, 1780-1870. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, 1994.

Petrone, Penny, ed. Northern Voices: Inuit Writing in English. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1988.

Price, Richard, ed. The Spirit of the Alberta Indian Treaties. Edmonton: Pica Pica Press, 1987.

Pringle, Heather. In Search of Ancient North America: An Archaeological Journey to Forgotten Cultures. Toronto: John Wily & Sons Inc.,

Rajnovich, Grace. Reading Rock Art: Interpreting the Indian Rock Paintings of The Canadian Shield. Toronto: Natural Heritage Inc, 1994.

Ray, Arthur J. I Have Lived Here Since The World Began: An Illustrated History of Canada's Native People. Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1996.

—————. Indians in the Fur Trade: their Role as Trappers, Hunters, and Middlemen in the Lands Southwest of Hudson Bay, 1660-1870. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974.

Russell, Dale. Eighteenth-Century Western Cree and their Neighbours. Hull, Quebec: Archaeological Survey of Canada Mercury Series Paper 143. Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1991.

Scheldermann, Peter. Crossroads to Greenland. Arctic Institute of North America, 1990.

Smith, Donald B. & Edward S. Rogers eds. Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives On The First Nations. Toronto: Dundurn Press Limited, 1994.

Smith, Donald B. Sacred Feathers: Peter Jones

Stanley, G.F.G. The Birth of Western Canada: A History of the Riel Rebellions. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1936.

Taylor, John Leonard. Treaty Research Report: Treaty Four. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1985.

—————. Treaty Research Report: Treaty Six. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1985.

Thomas, David Hurst. Exploring Ancient Native America: An Archaeological Guide. New York, NY: Prentice Hall MacMillan Co., 1994.

Trigger, Bruce. Natives and Newcomers: Canada's Heroic Age Reconsidered. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1985.

Van Kirk, Sylvia. Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society in Western Canada, 1670-1870. Winnipeg: Watson Swayer Publishing Ltd, 1980.

Wallace, P.W. White Roots of Peace. Santa Fe, NM : Clear Light Publishers, repr.1994, c1946.

Wallis & Wallis. The Micmac Indians of Eastern Canada. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

Warkentin, Germaine. Canadian Exploration Literature, An Anthology: 1660-1860. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Warren, William W. History of the Ojibway People. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1984.

Wenke, Robert J. Patterns in Prehistory: Humankind's First Three Million Years. 2nd edition. New York, NY: Oxford Press, 1984.

Whitehead, Ruth Holmes. The Old Man Told Us: Excerpts From Micmac History. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing Limited, 1991.

Whitehouse, Derek. "The Numbered Treaties: Similar Means to Dichotomous Ends." Past Imperfect 3 (1994): 25-45.

Winter, Keith. Shananditti: The Last of the Beothuks. North Vancouver, BC: J.J. Douglas Ltd., 1975.

Wright, J.V. Quebec Prehistory. Toronto: Van Nostrand Reinhold Ltd., 1979.

Selected Web Sites

Calgary & Southern Alberta calgary/

Colonial North America colony/

Arctic Circle http://borealis.lib.uconn.edu/arcticcircle/

Canadian Museum of Civilization http://www.civilization.ca/

Candian Museum of Civilization: First Peoples http://www.civilization.ca/aborig/aborige.asp

Archaeological Survey of Canada http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/archeo/ehome.htm

Glenbow Museum http://www.glenbow.org/

Native & Inuit Art at the Glenbow Museum http://www.glenbow.org/arthtm/natinuit.htm

Hudson's Bay Company http://www.hbc.com/hbchistory/

Canada's Digital Collections http://collections.ic.gc.ca/E/alphabet.asp

Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature http://collections.ic.gc.ca/hbc/ind1en.htm

Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website http://www.heritage.nf.ca/aboriginal/prehist.html

Provincial Museum of Alberta http://www.pma.edmonton.ab.ca/human/archaeo/intro.htm

Turtle Island Productions http://www.turtle-island.com/metis.html

University of Memphis, Department of Anthropology http://www.people.memphis.edu/~chucalissa/archaic.html

University of Pittsburgh, Department of Human Genetics http://www.psc.edu/science/Merri/merri.html

Images and External Links

Chapter One: Antiquity

A. Native Creation Myths

Cree: [External Link] Storytelling: The Art of Knowledge - Metis-Cree

Haida: [Image] Raven Bringing Light to the World (gh_hi21b.gif) Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization

Tsimshian: [Image] The People of the Salmon (cxsmlog1.gif) Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization

Mi'kmaq: [External Link] Storytelling: The Art of Knowledge - Mi'kmaq

Algonquin: [External Link] Storytelling: The Art of Knowledge - Algonquin

B. Migration Theories

[Map] Beringia Today (beringiaSmall.gif) The Applied History Research Group

[Animated Map] Recession of Glacial Ice (llopglac.gif) Courtesy of the Illinois State Museum

[Animated Map] Human Settlement in North America (overkill.gif) Courtesy of the Illinois State Museum

[Map] Possible Migration Routes from Asia to America (Migr.gif) The Applied History Research Group

C. Prehistoric Periods (Eras of Adaptation)

[Animated Map] Prehistoric Environments (Envir2ani.gif) The Applied History Research Group

D. Constructing the Antiquity Period of First Nations History in Canada

[External Link] Pictograph Robes of the Plains First Nations

E. Human Habitation and Settlement

Chapter Two: Native Civilisations

A. Map One - Regional Approach

[Map] The Applied History Research Group

Western Cordillera: [External Link] The Haida: Children of Eagle and Raven

Interior Plains: [Image] (bison.jpg)

Interior Plains: [Image] A Tsuu T'ina (Sarcee) kitchen (sacree.gif) Photo Courtesy Public Archives Canada. Photo by E.S. Curtis.

Interior Plains: [Image] A Buffalo Pound (buffalop1.gif) Courtesy of the Glenbow Collection

Interior Plains: [External Link] Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump Interpretive Centre

Atlantic and Gulf Region: [Image] Maliseet Canoe Model (III-E-311_a-q.jpg). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: III-E-311_a-q

Atlantic and Gulf Region: [Image] Cone Shaped Trap, Mi'kmaq (iii-f-11.jpg). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: III-F-11

Arctic: [External Link] The Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic From Ancient Times to 1902

Arctic: [External Link] Lost Vision, Forgotten Dreams: Life and Art of an Ancient Arctic People

B. Map Two - Cultural Approach

[Map] The Applied History Research Group

Northwest Coast: [External Link] Visit the CMC's Grand Hall exhibition featuring the houses of six Pacific Coast peoples.

Great Plains: [Image] Transporting a ceremonial bag and tipi cover (tipihorse.gif) Photo from Public Archives Canada. Photo by E.S. Curtis

Great Plains: [External Link] Moccasins, Aboriginal Footwear of the Northern Plains

Great Plains: [External Link] Example of a Butchering Analysis from an Archaeological Site

Arctic: [External Link] Nadlock and the Origin of the Copper Inuit

C. Map Three - Linguistic Approach

[Map] The Applied History Research Group

Wakashan: [Image] Hat of the Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl) culture (F03776.jpg) Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: VII-E-950

Tsimshian: [External Link] From Time Immemorial: Tsimshian Prehistory

Haidian: [Image] (Haida?) Raven Rattle (E05741.jpg) Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: VII-B-1123

Athapaskan: [External Link] Two Hundred Years of Dene Clothing

Algonquian: [External Link] First Nations Dolls

Algonquian: [Image] Peigan tipi interior (tipiwarriors.gif) Photo from Public Archives Canada. Photo by E.S. Curtis.

Siouian: [Image] Man's cuffs from the Sioux Nation (J00106.jpg) Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: V-E-27 a,b

Eskaleut: [External Link] Copper and Caribou Inuit Clothing Traditions

Eskaleut: [Image] Snow Goggles of the Copper Inuit (G17271.jpg) Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: IV-D-505

Eskaleut: [External Link] Inuit Dolls from Prehistory to Today

Beothuk: [Image] Mi'kmaq Doll, representing a Beothuk, with wooden head and torso, fabric hands and legs, dressed in red knitted woolen outfit (iii-f-203.jpg). Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: III-F-203

Chapter Three: European Contact

A. Possible Approaches to and Perspectives of Native History

B. Map - Native-European Encounters Preserved in Native Oral Tradition and European Written Narrative

[Map] The Applied History Research Group

[External Link] Stones Unturned: Native Groups and their Clothing, Musical Instruments, Toys and Games

Arctic: [External Link] Iqqaipaa: Celebrating Inuit Art, 1948-1970

Arctic: [Image] Copper Inuit Woman's Outer Coat (H03201.jpg) Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: IV-D-963

Arctic: [External Link] Inuit & Englishmen: The Nunavut Voyages of Martin Frobisher

Atlantic Gulf and St. Lawrence: [Image] Seventeenth-century portrayal of fish-filled Northern Seas (cod.gif)

Atlantic Gulf and St. Lawrence: [Image] Huron type Mittens (I06376.jpg) Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: III-H-408 a,b

Atlantic Gulf and St. Lawrence: [Image] Maliseet Cradle (III-E-286.jpg) Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: III-E-286

Atlantic Gulf and St. Lawrence: [Image] Early depictions of the Huron people (dechamplainhurons.jpg)

Atlantic Gulf and St. Lawrence: [External Link] Colonial North America: Trading Frontiers

Atlantic Gulf and St. Lawrence: [External Link] Colonial North America: Native Americans

Canadian Shield: [Image] Mittens from the Montagnais Nation (I06501.jpg) Courtesy of the Canadian Museum of Civilization CMC Catalogue Number: III-C-4 a,b

Canadian Shield: [Map] Rupert's Land (rupmap2.jpg) Courtesy of the Hudson Bay Company Archives

Canadian Shield: [Image] Hudson Bay Company Flag (hbflag2.jpg) Courtesy of the Glenbow Collection

Canadian Shield: [External Link] Portrait of the Great Fur Trade Canoes

Prairies: [Map] Southern Alberta's Native population (Ab4.gif) The Applied History Research Group

Prairies: [External Link] Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site: "The Early Trading Posts"

Prairies: [External Link] RMH National Historic Site: "Aboriginal Peoples and the Fur Trade"

Chapter Four: Treaty Evolution

A. Membership in Treaties

[Map] The Applied History Research Group

B. Reasons for Negotiating and Signing Treaties

[Image] BullHead, the great leader of the Tsuu T'ina (Sarcee) (bullhead.gif) Courtesy of the Glenbow Collection

[Image] A Tsuu T'ina (Sarcee) encampment at the base Mount Royal Hill (FnFc.gif) Courtesy of the Glenbow Collection

[Image] Siksika Chief Issapo'mahkikaaw (Crowfoot) (cr2crowf.gif) Courtesy of the Glenbow Collection

C. Terms of the Prairie Treaties

[External Link] Articles of Treaty 7

[External Link] Treaty 7 Tribal Council Home Page

[Image] Kyaiyi-stamik, Bear Bull, also called Sotai-na, Rain Chief (bearbull.gif) Courtesy of the National Archives of Canada

D. Reaction to the Prairie Treaties

[Image] A Cree Man (cree.gif) Courtesy of the National Archives of Canada