Information on this site is provided for educational purposes only. Unless indicated otherwise, this site and all contents within it are Copyright © 1997, The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary.

We have made every reasonable effort to trace ownership or obtain permission to reproduce the images used in this site. We welcome information on errors and omissions. If you find any, please contact the Applied History Research Group at the University of Calgary.

INTRODUCTION (intro.html)

Image: Episodio do Cerco de Lisboa pelos Castelhanos, The Battles of Portugal

Image: Caravela, The Battles of Portugal

Image: Alexander the Great, Macedonia, The Cradle and Shield of Hellenism

Image: Nau, The Battles of Portugal

THE CRUSADES (Bluedot Link) (crusades.html)

Source: The Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent Catholic Website

Source: A History And Mythos Of The Knights Templar

Image: Templar Return, A History And Mythos Of The Knights Templar

Image: Urban II, The Crusades Begin

Image: Antioch, The Crusades Begin

THE IBERIAN PIONEERS: PORTUGAL & SPAIN (Iberian.html)

Image: Modern Spain and Portugal

Image: Armor from the Military Orders of Alcantar & Santiago, Dr. Michael E. Smith's Aztecs

Image: The Kingdoms of Castile & Aragon, The Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella

Image: Valencia's Silk Exchange & Consulate of the Sea, 15 c., Valencia Cultural Information

Image: Spanish Nobility in the 16th century, The History of Costume

Image: The Poblet Monastery, 13th century, UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Timeline (timeline.html): The Reconquista, The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

PORTUGAL (portuguese.html)

Image: Reconquista of Portugal, The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

Image: King Afonso Henriques invoking Christ Crucified during the battle of Ourique, Portuguese proto-baroque painting and art of Father Antonio Vieira

Image: King Afonso Henriques, The Battles of Portugal

Image: King Sancho I, The Battles of Portugal

Image: King Ferdinand I, The Battles of Portugal

Image: Portraits of the Princes, The Battles of Portugal

GEOGRAPHICAL OVERVIEW (Bluedot Link) (portgeo.html)

Source: The Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent Catholic Website

PORTUGAL'S HISTORICAL OVERVIEW (Bluedot Link) (portover.html)

Source: The Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent Catholic Website

Next eleven images: Portraits of Portugal's Kings, The Battles of Portugal

PHILIPPA OF LANCASTER (Bluedot Link) (philippa.html)

Image: King João I, The Battles of Portugal

Image: Philippa: Queen of Portugal, The Battles of Portugal

HOUSE OF AVIS GENEALOGY (Bluedot Link) (avis.html)

Image: Avis Family Tree, The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR (henry1.html)

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR (Bluedot link) (templar.html)

Source: The Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent Catholic Website

Image: Sword, A History and Mythos of The Knights Templar

Image: Knight Templar, A History and Mythos of The Knights Templar

PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR: THE LURE OF TRADE (henry2.html)

Image: Portuguese Coastline, Fifteenth Century, The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

PRINCE HENRY: AN ASSESSMENT (henry3.html)

THE ATLANTIC ISLANDS (atlantic.html)

Image: Madeira, Madeira in my heart, Nancy's Portugal Site

Map: The Canary Islands, The Applied History Research Group and The Learning Commons, University of Calgary

Image: The Azores

Image: The Azores

AFRICA (africa.html)

Image: Early Portuguese Raid & Trade Voyages Along The West African Coast, The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

ASIA (asia.html)

Image: Cheng-tsu: Third Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, China the Beautiful

Image: The Chinese Navy at the Golden Island, Yang-tse kiang, China the Beautiful

THE MING DYNASTY'S MARITIME HISTORY (Bluedot Link) (ming.html)

Image: The Ming Emperors, East Asia

Images: The Ming Dynasty Voyages, The Applied History Research Group

THE SEA-ROUTE TO INDIA & VASCO DA GAMA (vasco.html)

Map: Dias circumnavigates the southernmost point of Africa, The Applied History Research Group and The Learning Commons, University of Calgary

Map: Vasco da Gama reaches Asia, The Applied History Research Group and The Learning Commons, University of Calgary

THE SEA-ROUTE TO INDIA & THE RED SEA TRADE (vasco2.html)

Image: Red Sea Trade, The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

VOYAGES OF IMPERIALISM (vasco3.html)

Image: Early Voyages to the Far East, The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

Image: Pedro Alvarez Cabral, Illustrious Portuguese Navigators

Image: Calicut, Metropolis of the Spice Trade

Image: Bancino San Marco in Venice

Image: Tai-tsu, first Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, China the Beautiful

Image: Painting with Calligraphy, China the Beautiful

Image: Seventeenth century painting commemorating Ignatius Loyola sending Francis Xavier to India in 1540, Jesuit Art in History

ST. FRANCIS XAVIER (Bluedot Link) (xavier.html)

Source: The Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent Catholic Website

Image: St. Francis Xavier taking leave of King João III before leaving to evangelise India, Portuguese proto-baroque painting and art of Father Antonio Vieira

FERDINAND MAGELLAN: CIRCUMNAVIGATING THE GLOBE (magellan.html)

Image: Modern Lisbon, Libson Page

Image: Modern day Porto, Portugal, Virtourist

Image: The "Casa de Contratacion de las Indias", Virtourist

Image: Modern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Maxim Tours

Image: Patagonia, Maxim Tours

Image: Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, Travel Library

Image: Magellan exploring el paso with his three remaining ships: the Conception, the Victoria and the Trinidad, Magellan Academies

Image: Cabo de Horno, Tierra del Fuego Archipelago, Southern Chile, Travel Library

BRAZIL (brazil.html)

IMPERIAL SPAIN: CASTILE & ARAGON (Imperial.html)

Image: The Extent of the Spanish Empire in the Sixteenth Century

Image: Castile's coat of arms

Image: Aragon's coat of arms, HISTORIAS DE ARAGON

Image: Isabella & Ferdinand's banner, Georgia Info

Image: The Virgin of the Catholic Monarchs, The Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain

HOUSE OF CASTILE'S GENEALOGY (Bluedot Link) (castile.html)

Source: The House of Castile

HOUSE OF ARAGON'S GENEALOGY (Bluedot Link) (aragon.html)

Source: The House of Aragon

BIOGRAPHY OF ISABELLA I OF CASTILE (Bluedot Link) (isabella.html)

Source: The Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent Catholic Website

THE MEDIEVAL INQUISITION (Bluedot Link) (inquisition.html)

THE CARIBBEAN: FIRST CONTACT (carib.html)

Image: Ships

Image: The Caribbean, The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS AND THE SPANISH EMPIRE (columbus.html)

Map: The Caribbean, The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

Map: Columbus uses the trade winds, The Applied History Research Group and The Learning Commons, University of Calgary

LATIN AMERICA & THE CONQUISTADORS (Latin.html)

Image: Aztecs icon, Dr. Michael E. Smith's Aztecs

Image: Incas icon

Image: Nova Hispania, Nova Galicia, Guatemala, 1640, The James Ford Bell Library

THE CONQUEST OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE: HERNANDO CORTÉS (aztec.html)

Image: Aztec Empire, La Documental de Cortés

Image: Cortés greeted by Moctezuma in Tenochtitlán, Rotunda Frieze

THE CONQUEST OF THE INCA EMPIRE: FRANCISCO PIZARRO (inca.html)

Image: Inca Empire The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

Image: Pizarro and his expedition, Rotunda Frieze

KNOWLEDGE & POWER (Know.html)

Image: Nuevo Mundo, 1545, The James Ford Bell Library

GEOGRAPHY & CARTOGRAPHY (geocart.html)

Image: Ptolemaic Style Map, 1432

Image: Location of the North Star (Polaris)

TECHNICAL ADVANCES IN SHIPBUILDING AND NAVIGATION (ship.html)

Image: Navigating by the stars, The Mariner's Museum

Image: An early compass, The Mariner's Museum

Image: A quadrant to measure latitude, The Mariner's Museum

Image: A traverse board, The Mariner's Museum

EUROPEAN MARITIME SUPERIORITY (maritime.html)

EUROPEAN WAY OF WAR (eurowar.html)

Image: Spanish Conquistadors Following Their Reconquista Traditions

Image: Medieval Warship: woodcut 1415

COMMUNICATING WITH INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS (communicate.html)

RELIGION & EXPLORATION (relex.html)

Image: The miracle of the thirsty man, 15th century, History of the Franciscan Movement

ST. FRANCIS AND THE FRANCISCANS (Bluedot Link) (fransican.html)

St. Francis: Stories of San Francis, Christus Rex et Redemptor

ST. DOMINIC AND THE DOMINICANS (Bluedot Link) (dominic.html)

Source: The Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent Catholic Website

Image: St. Dominic, Christus Rex et Redemptor

THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (JESUITS) (Bluedot Link) (jesuits.html)

Source: The Catholic Encyclopedia, New Advent Catholic Website

Image: Seventeenth century painting of Ignatius presenting the rules of the Society of Jesus to Pope Paul III, Jesuit Art in History

THE SUGAR & SLAVE TRADES (Trade.html)

Image: West African Ivory Carving, 1500

Image: West African Brass, 1600

Image: Mask with Large Spiral Headdress, Guggenheim Museum: Africa

WIND SAILING (map.html)

Map: Predominant Winds and Explorers' Routes, The Applied History Research Group and The Learning Commons, University of Calgary

CONCLUSION (conclus.html)

Image: St. Anthony of Lisbon watching over Restoration Portugal, Portuguese proto-baroque painting and art of Father Antonio Vieira

Image: Philip II, King of Spain